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Pathogenesis of Go
Clinical Assessment of GO
Therapy of Hyperthyroidism
Medical Treatment of GO
Surgical Treatment of GO
Pathogenesis of GO
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thyroid eye disease. Thyroid 1998, 8:411-413
3. Prabhakar BS, Bahn RS, Smith TJ. Current perspective on
the pathogenesis of Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy.
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4. Wakelkamp IM, Bakker O, Baldeschi L, Wiersinga WM,
Prummel MF.TSH-R expression and cytokine profile in orbital
tissue of active vs. inactive Graves' ophthalmopathy
patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003, 58:280-287
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Pinchera. A. Role of thyroglobulin in the pathogenesis of
Graves' ophthalmopathy: the hypothesis of Kriss revisited. J
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autoantigen(s) continues. J Endocrinol Invest 2005, 28:
396-397
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Andrews CD, Dickinson AJ, Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P.
Analysis of Peripheral Blood T-Cell Subsets in Active
Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Absence of Effect of
Octreotide-LAR on T-Cell Subsets in Patients with
Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2005,
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of cells expressing the thyrotropin receptor in extraocular
muscles in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy. Correlation
with the serum levels of autoantibodies and with the
evolution of the disease. Br J Ophthalm 2005, 89:724-729
9. Drexhage HA. Are there more
than antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor
that meet the eye in Graves' disease? Endocrinology. 2006,
147:9-12
10. Cawood TJ, Moriarty P,
O'Farrelly C, O'Shea D.The effects of tumour necrosis
factor-alpha and interleukin1 on an in vitro model of
thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy; contrasting effects on
adipogenesis.Eur J Endocrinol. 2006, 155:395-403
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and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: A novel explanation
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92:59-64. Epub 2006 Oct 17
12. Garrity JA, Bahn RS Pathogenesis of graves
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treatment. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006, 142:147-153
13. Krassas GE, Perros P. Prevention of thyroid associated-ophthalmopathy
in children and adults: current views and management of
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Clinical Assessment
of GO
1. Mourits MP, Koornneef L, Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF,
Berghout A, Van der Gaag R. Clinical criteria for the
assessment of disease activity in Graves'ophthalmopathy: a
novel approach. Br J Opthalmol 1989, 73:639-644
2. Pinchera A, Wiersinga W, Glinoer D, Kendall-Taylor P,
Koorneef L, Marcocci C, Schleusener H, Romaldini J,
Niepominiscze H, Nagataki S, Izumi M, Inoue M, Stockigt J,
Wall J, Greenspan F, Solomon D, Garrity J, Gorman CA.
Classification of eye changes of Graves’ disease. Thyroid
1992, 2:235-236
3. Mourits MP, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM, Koornneef L.
Clinical acivity score as a guide in the management of
patients with Graves'opthalmopathy. Clin Endocr 1997,
47:9-14
4. Terwee CB, Dekker FW, Bonsel GJ, Heisterkamp SH, Prummel
MF, Baldeschi L, Wiersinga WM. Facial disfigurement: is it
in the eye of the beholder? A study in patients with Graves'
ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2003, 58:192-198
5. Wakelkamp IM, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Serum IL-18
levels are not increased in patients with untreated Graves'
ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res 2004, 3:44-47
6. Bartalena L, Wiersinga WM, Pinchera A. Graves'
ophthalmopathy: state of the art and perspectives. J
Endocrinol Invest 2004, 27:295-301. Review.
7. Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF, Terwee CB. Effects of Graves'
ophthalmopathy on quality of life. J Endocrinol Invest 2004,
27:259-264
8. Mourits MP, Lombardo SH, van der Sluijs FA, Fenton S.
Reliability of exophthalmos measurement and the
exophthalmometry value distribution in a healthy Dutch
population and in Graves' patients. An exploratory study
Orbit 2004, 23:161-168
9. Terwee CB, Prummel MF, Gerding MN, Kahaly GJ, Dekker FW,
Wiersinga WM. Measuring disease activity to predict
therapeutic outcome in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005, 62:145-155
10. Wiersinga WM. The philosophy of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Orbit 2005, 24:165-171
11. Kahaly GJ, Petrak F, Hardt J, Pitz S, Egle UT.
Psychosocial morbidity of Graves' orbitopathy. Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005, 63:395-402
12. Krassas GE, Segni M, Wiersinga WM. Childhood Graves'
ophthalmopathy: results of a European questionnaire study.
Eur J Endocrinol 2005, 153:515-521
13.
Wiersinga WM, Perros P, Kahaly GJ, Mourits MP, Baldeschi L,
Boboridis K, Boschi A, Dickinson AJ, Kendall-Taylor P,
Krassas GE, Lane CM, Lazarus JH1, Marcocci C, Marino M,
Nardi M, Neoh C, Orgiazzi J1, Pinchera A, Pitz S, Prummel
MF, Sartini MS, Stahl M, von Arx G. Clinical assessment of
patients with Graves’ Orbitopathy:The European Group on
Graves’ Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) recommendations to generalists,
specialists and clinical researchers. Eur J Endocrinol.
2006, 155:207-2011
14. Eckstein AK, Plicht M, Lax
H, Neuhauser M, Mann K, Lederbogen S, Heckmann C,Esser J,
Morgenthaler NG. Thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies are
independent risk factors for Graves' ophthalmopathy and help
to predict severity and outcome of the disease. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2006, 91:3464-3470
15. McKeag D, Lane C, Lazarus
JH, Baldeschi L, Boboridis K, Dickinson AJ, Hullo AI,Kahaly
G, Krassas G, Marcocci C, Marino M, Mourits MP, Nardi M,
Neoh C, Orgiazzi J, Perros P, Pinchera A, Pitz S, Prummel
MF, Sartini MS, Wiersinga WM; European Group on Graves'
Orbitopathy (EUGOGO). Clinical features of dysthyroid optic
neuropathy: a European Group on Graves'Orbitopathy (EUGOGO)
survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 2007, 91:455-458
16. Coulter I, Frewin S,
Krassas GE, Perros P. Psychological implications of Graves'
orbitopathy.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2007, 157:127-31
17.Wiersinga WM, Bleumink M,
Saeed P, Baldeschi L, Prummel MF. Is Sleeping Position
Related to Asymmetry in Bilateral Graves' Ophthalmopathy?
Thyroid. 2008 Apr
Therapy of
Hyperthyroidism
1. Rundle FF, Wilson CW. Development and course of
exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia in Graves' disease with
special reference to the effect of thyroidectomy. Clin Sci
1945, 5:177-194
2. Gorman CA, Offord KP. Therapy for hyperthyroidism and
Graves' ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:1546-1547
3. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Manetti L, Tanda ML,
Dell'Unto E, Bruno-Bossio G, Nardi M, Bartolomei MP, Lepri
A, Rossi G, Martino E, Pinchera A. Relation between therapy
for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
N Engl J Med 1998, 338:73-78
4. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P, Neoh C, Frewin S, Dickinson
J. A prospective study of the effects of radioiodine therapy
for hyperthyroidism in patients with minimally active
graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,
90:5321-5323
5. Eckstein AK, Lax H, Losch
C, Glowacka D, Plicht M, Mann K, Esser J, Morgenthaler
NG.Patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy have a higher
risk of relapsing hyperthyroidism and are unlikely to remain
in remission. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007, 67:607-12.
Medical Treatment of GO
1. Prummel MF, Mourits MP, Blank L, Berghout A, Koornneef L,
Wiersinga WM. Randomised double-blind trial of prednisone
versus radiotherapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy. Lancet 1993,
342:949-954
2. Bartalena L, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. Management of
Graves' Ophthalmopathy: reality and perspectives. Endoc Rev
2000, 21:168-199
3. Kahaly GJ, Rosler HP, Pitz S, Hommel G. Low- versus
high-dose radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy: a
randomized, single blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2000, 85:102-108
4. Krassas GE, Heufelder AE. Immunosuppressive therapy in
patients with thyroid eye disease: an overview of current
concepts. Eur J Endocrinol 2001, 144:311-318
5. Perros P, Kendall-Taylor P. Medical treatment for
thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Thyroid 2002, 12:241-244
6. Mourits MP, van Kempen-Harteveld, Garcia MBG, Koppeschaar
HPF, Tick L, Terwee CB. Radiotherapy for Graves’ orbitopathy:
randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2000,
355:1505-1509
7. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Tanda ML, Manetti L, Dell’Unto
E, Rocchi R, Barbesino G, Mazzi B, Bartolomei MP, Lepri P,
Cartei F, Nardi M, Pinchera A. Comparison of the
effectiveness and tolerability of intravenous or oral
glucocorticoids associated with orbital radiotherapy in the
management of severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Results of a
prospective, single-blind, randomized study. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:3562-3567
8. Wiersinga WM, Prummel MF. Graves ophthalmopathy: a
rational approach to treatment. TEM 2002, 13:280-287
9. Marcocci C, Bartalena L, Rocchi R, Marino M, Menconi F,
Morabito E, Mazzi B, Mazzeo S, Sartini MS, Nardi M, Cartei
F, Cionini L, Pinchera A. Long-term safety of orbital
radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 2003, 88:3561-3566
10. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Gorman CA, Wiersinga WM,
Pinchera A. Orbital radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy:
useful or useless? Safe or dangerous? J Endocrinol Invest
2003, 26:5-16
11. Prummel MF, Terwee CB, Gerding MN, Baldeschi L, Mourits
MP, Blank L, Dekker FW, Wiersinga WM. A randomized
controlled trial of orbital radiotherapy versus sham
irradiation in patients with mild Graves' ophthalmopathy. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:15-20
12. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Pinchera A. Orbital
radiotherapy for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol
Metab 2004, 89:13-14
13. Krassas GE. Somatostatin analogs: a new tool for the
management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest
2004, 27:281-287
14. Marcocci C, Marino M, Rocchi R, Menconi F, Morabito E,
Pinchera A. Novel aspects of immunosuppressive and
radiotherapy management of Graves' ophthalmopathy. J
Endocrinol Invest 2004, 27: 272-280
15. Krassas GE. Treatment of juvenile Graves' disease and
its ophthalmic complication: the 'European way'. Eur J
Endocrinol 2004, 150:407-414
16. Krassas GE, Laron Z. A questionnaire survey concerning
the most favourable treatment for Graves' disease in
children and adolescents. Eur J Endocrinol 2004, 151:155-156
17. Wakelkamp IM, Tan H, Saeed P, Schlingemann RO, Verbraak
FD, Blank LE, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Orbital irradiation
for Graves' ophthalmopathy: Is it safe? A long-term
follow-up study. Ophthalmology 2004, 111:1557-1562
18. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Pinchera A. Somatostatin
analogs for Graves' ophthalmopathy: do they bounce off like
a rubber bullet? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:5908-5909
19. Dickinson AJ, Vaidya B, Miller M, Coulthard A, Perros P,
Baister E, Andrews CD, Hesse L, Heverhagen JT, Heufelder AE,
Kendall-Taylor P. Double blind, placebo-controlled trial of
octreotide long acting repeatable (LAR) in
thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2004, 89:5910-5915
20. Wemeau JL, Caron P, Beckers A, Rohmer V, Orgiazzi J,
Borson-Chazot F, Nocaudie M, Perimenis P, Bisot-Locard S,
Bourdeix I, Dejager S. Octreotide (long-acting release
formulation) treatment in patients with graves' orbitopathy:
clinical results of a four-month, randomized,
placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 2005, 90:841-848
21. Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Lai A,
Marino M, Pinchera A. An update on medical management of
Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Endocrinol Invest 2005, 28:469-478
22. Kahaly GJ, Pitz S, Hommel G, Dittmar M. Randomized,
single blind trial of intravenous versus oral steroid
monotherapy in Graves' orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab
2005, 90:5234-5240
23. Bartalena L. Editorial: glucocorticoids for Graves'
ophthalmopathy: how and when. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005,
90:5497-5499
24. Perros P, Baldeschi L,
Boboridis K, Dickinson AJ, Hullo A, Kahaly GJ,
Kendall-Taylor P, Krassas GE, Lane CM, Lazarus JH, Marcocci
C, Marino M, Mourits MP, Nardi M, Orgiazzi J, Pinchera A,
Pitz S, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. A questionnaire survey on
the management of Graves’ Orbitopathy in Europe. Eur J
Endocrinol. 2006, 155:387-389
25. Salvi M, Vannucchi G,
Campi I, Rossi S, Bonara P, Sbrozzi F, Guastella C, Avignone
S, Pirola G, Ratiglia R, Beck-Peccoz P. Efficacy of
rituximab treatment for thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy as
a result of intraorbital B-cell depletion in one patient
responsive to steroid immunosuppression. Eur L Endocrinol
2006, 151: 511-517
26.
Stan MN,
Garrity JA, Bradley EA, Woog JJ, Bahn MM, Brennan MD, Bryant
SC, Achenbach SJ, Bahn RS. Randomized, Double-Blind,
Placebo-Controlled Trial of Long-Acting Release Octreotide
for Treatment of Graves' Ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. Sept 2006 [Epub ahead of print]
27. Bartalena L, Tanda ML.
Immunotherapy for Graves' orbitopathy: easy enthusiasm, but
let's keep trying.
J Endocrinol Invest. 2006, 29:1012-6
28. Menconi F, Marino M,
Pinchera A, Rocchi R, Mazzi B, Nardi M, Bartalena L,
Marcocci C. Effects of total thyroid ablation versus
near-total thyroidectomy alone on mild to moderate graves'
orbitopathy treated with intravenous glucocorticoids. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May;92(5):1653-8; [Epub 2007 Feb 13]
29. Marcocci C, Pinchera A,
Marino M. A treatment strategy for Graves' orbitopathy. Nat
Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 3:430-436.
30. Salvi M, Vannucchi G,
Campi I, Curro N, Dazzi D, Simonetta S, Bonara P, Rossi S,
Sina C, Guastella C, Ratiglia R, Beck-Peccoz P. Treatment of
Graves' disease and associated ophthalmopathy with the
anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab: an open study. Eur
J Endocrinol. 2007, 156:33-40.
31. Le Moli R, Baldeschi L,
Saeed P, Regensburg N, Mourits MP, Wiersinga WM.
Determinants of liver damage associated with intravenous
methylprednisolone pulse therapy in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Thyroid. 2007, 17:357-62.
32.Cozma I, Zhang L, Uddin JM,
Lane CM, Rees A, Ludgate M. Modulation of expression of
somatostatin receptor subtypes in Graves' ophthalmopathy
orbits: relevance to novel analogues. Am J Physiol
Endocrinol Metab. 2007, 11
33.Salvi M, Vannucchi G, Campi
I, Currò N, Beck-Peccoz P. New immunomodulators in the
treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Ann Endocrinol (Paris).
2008
34.Van Geest RJ, Sasim IV, Koppeschaar HP, Kalmann R,
Stravers SN, Bijlsma WR, Mourits MP.Methylprednisolone pulse
therapy for patients with moderately severe Graves'
orbitopathy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled
study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008 Feb;158(2):229-37.
Surgical Treatment of
GO
1. Sellari-Franceschini S, Berrettini S, Santoro A, Nardi M,
Mazzeo S, Bartalena L, Mazzi B, Tanda ML, Marcocci C,
Pinchera A. Orbital decompression in graves' ophthalmopathy
by medial and lateral wall removal. Otolaryngol Head Neck
Surg 2005, 133:185-189
2. Wakelkamp IM, Baldeschi L, Saeed P, Mourits MP, Prummel
MF, Wiersinga WM. Surgical or medical decompression as a
first-line treatment of optic neuropathy in Graves'
ophthalmopathy? A randomized controlled trial. Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005, 63:323-328
3. Baldeschi L, MacAndie K, Hintschich C, Wakelkamp IM,
Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. The removal of the deep lateral
wall in orbital decompression: its contribution to
exophthalmos reduction and influence on consecutive diplopia.
Am J Ophthalmol 2005 140:642-647
4. Baldeschi L, Wakelkamp IM, Lindeboom R, Prummel MF. Early
versus late orbital decompression in Graves’ orbitopathy. A
retrospective study in 125 patients. Ophthalmology 2006 Mar
113:874-878
5. McCann JD, Goldberg RA,
Anderson RL, Burroughs JR, Ben Simon GJ. Medial wall
decompression for optic neuropathy but lateral wall
decompression with fat removal for non vision-threatening
indications. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006,141:916-917
6. Baldeschi L, Lupetti A, Vu
P, Wakelkamp IM, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM. Reactivation of
Graves' Orbitopathy after Rehabilitative Orbital
Decompression. Ophthalmology. 2007 Feb 21; [Epub ahead of
print]
7. Kahaly GJ, Bumb P, Pitz S,
Scheurle C, Ponto KA, Lingl K, Hommel G, Muller-Forell W,
Weber MM, Mann WJ. Decompression surgery for endocrine
orbitopathy.] Med Klin (Munich). 2007 Sep 15;102(9):714-9.
8.Baldeschi L, MacAndie K,
Koetsier E, Blank LE, Wiersinga WM. The influence of
previous orbital irradiation on the outcome of
rehabilitative decompression surgery in graves orbitopathy.
Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;145(3):534-540.
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